Flow structure and turbulence characteristics downstream of a spanwise suspended linear array

Laboratory experiments are conducted to quantify the mean flow structure and turbulence properties downstream of a spanwise suspended linear array in a uniform ambient water flow using Particle Tracking Velocimetry. Eighteen experimental scenarios, with four depth ratios (array depth to water column depth) of 0.35, 0.52, 0.78, and 0.95 and bulk Reynolds number (length scale is the array depth) from 11,600 to 68,170, are investigated. Three sub-layers form downstream of the array: (1) an internal wake zone, where the time-averaged velocity decreases with increasing distance downstream, (2) a shear layer which increases in vertical extent with increasing distance downstream of the array, and the rate of the increase is independent of the bulk Reynolds number or the depth ratio, and (3) an external wake layer with enhanced velocity under the array. The location of the shear layer is dependent on the depth ratio. The spatially averaged and normalized TKE of the wake has a short production region, followed by a decay region which is comparable to grid turbulence decay and is dependent on the depth ratio. The results suggest that the shear layer increases the transfer of horizontal momentum into the internal wake zone from the fluid outside of the array and that the turbulence in the internal wake zone can be modeled similarly to that of grid turbulence.     

Bibliometric analysis of ecosystem monitoring-related research in Africa: implications for ecological stewardship and scientific collaboration

Regional ecosystem monitoring is a central form of knowledge sharing and collaboration amongst scientists and decision makers on environmental health, land use change, and science-policy development. Despite the proliferation of such research networks on long-term monitoring on many continents, little has been achieved in Africa. This study aims to assess and examine the spatiotemporal trend and categorical patterns in ecosystem monitoring-related research in Africa for the benefits of conserving biodiversity and sustaining natural resource sectors for well-being and livelihood security, environmental planning, and ecological stewardship. A systematic review was conducted using bibliometric tools. Based on a set of search terms and peer-reviewed publications retrieved from various ecosystem monitoring networks and journal databases, further analysis was conducted using social network approaches, mapping tools, and content analysis. About 1442 scientific publications on ecosystem monitoring and related research were documented from 1987 to 2014 mostly published in English. The number of publication increased progressively since 1992 after the Convention on Biodiversity was signed and this trend peaked till 2008. South African Journal of Science was the most leading journal and Nature the most cited. Internationally coauthored and collaborative articles represented majority of the findings with the United Kingdom at the central position in the research network due to colonial relationships. Regional collaboration amongst countries is limited owing to language barriers and other institutional constraints such as funding and short-term projects. These findings have implication for prioritizing national and regional policies toward biodiversity science and its contribution to human well-being, food security, and global change responses.     

Methyl jasmonate improves radical generation in macrophyte phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to decontaminate and improve waters and soils. Pleustonic macrophytes are plant models for research in waters. In a phytoremediation study, the elicitation of Pistia stratiotes with methyl jasmonate or salicylic acid suggests that oxytetracycline modification rate coefficients could be increased more than threefold. Here we present the elicitation of Pistia stratiotes apical primary root tips. We detected reactive oxygen species generation by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, using the spin trap α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN). Elicitation using 0.8 mM methyl jasmonate during 1 h increased the relative spin-trapped radical concentration by +12 %. Further, results indicate acute plant toxicity above 0.24 mM salicylic acid.     

气候变化对土壤微生物多样性及其功能的影响

以同时模拟未来大气CO₂浓度和温度升高的田间开放式气候变化平台为依托,研究CO₂浓度升高（CE）、升温（WA）以及两者同时升高（CW）对麦田土壤基础呼吸和微生物丰度、群落结构的影响.结果表明：CE对土壤基础呼吸没有影响,但是WA显著提高了土壤基础呼吸,在抽穗和成熟期分别增加了51.6%和38.5%.在分蘖期,土壤细菌和真菌丰度没有显著变化;而在抽穗和成熟期,CW和WA处理显著降低了真菌丰度,降低幅度分别达到32.1%~50.2%和32.0%~37.4%.通过对T-RFLP数据分析发现,CE、CW和WA处理对麦田土壤真菌和细菌群落结构没有显著影响,但是在一定程度上改变了古菌群落结构.与对照相比,CE处理真菌多样性提高了7.1%~8.2%,CW和WA处理真菌多样性分别降低了5.3%~13.5%和22.1%~33.6%;在分蘖和抽穗期,CE、CW和WA处理土壤细菌多样性比对照显著提高.     

海岛非点源污染负荷估算方法研究

基于流域单元思想,提出一种非点源污染负荷估算方法：借助GIS提取模拟河网,识别流域边界,并划分汇水区和子流域,为流域非点源污染的估算提供基础的数据平台.在此基础上,与土地利用专题图叠加,计算各子流域内不同土地利用类型的面积,构建非点源负荷系统,利用各污染排放系数和入海系数,结合多年的降雨量,并引入坡度因子作为限制条件,估算污染负荷总量.结果显示,南长山岛非点源全氮、全磷年负荷量分别为11539kg和2025kg.氮污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 大气沉降> 土地利用> 畜禽养殖;磷污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 土地利用> 大气沉降> 畜禽养殖.基于此,探讨海岛地区非点源污染排放特征及对水环境质量影响,可为海岛地区污染物总量调控和环境健康发展提供一种技术方法.     

江汉平原地下水中有机磷农药的分布特征及影响因素

为了研究江汉平原地下水中有机磷农药（OPPs）的分布特征,项目组依托该区域地下水监测场的13个监测点,于2015年6月采集了不同深度的38个地下水和4个地表水水样,通过分析其主要的水化学指标及OPPs的含量,研究江汉平原地下水中OPPs的分布特征及主要的影响因素.结果表明：研究区地下水水化学类型主要HCO₃-Ca×Mg型,并处于强还原性环境.OPPs在研究区地下水中普遍存在,采样点整体含量范围为31.5~264.5ng/L,平均值是86.5ng/L,其中检出率最高的OPPs为二嗪农和氧化乐果,含量最高是氧化乐果、甲胺磷和二嗪农,分别为54.3、32.1和27.8ng/L,无论是单种和总的OPPs含量均低于欧盟《水中农药残留标准》（EEC80/778）规定的地下水农药含量MAC标准及部分我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）中的农药含量限值并且对生态环境影响较小;其整体变化趋势为：垂直方向上随着深度的增加OPPs的含量逐渐增大,即：50m> 25m> 10m.水平方向上分布为：临河农田区> 中部农田区> 临河非农田区..研究区地下水中OPPs的分布受多种因素的影响,主要有：农业生产活动中使用OPPs的量、地表水与地下水的交互作用、地下水的水化学特性及生物与非生物的降解作用.     

城市纳污河流有色溶解有机物时空演变特征

利用平行因子分析和主成分分析方法,结合紫外吸收光谱与三维荧光光谱技术,研究了典型城市纳污河流-河北洨河水体有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的来源及随季节和空间变化特征,探讨了水体CDOM与水质指标间关系.结果表明:洨河水体CDOM主要为新近微生物源产生,受人类活动影响较大.CDOM浓度在时间变化上表现为春夏(2、5月)低,而秋冬(8、11月)高,从上游至下游呈现先升高再降低变化特征.荧光鉴别出的4种组分:组分1(类富里酸),组分2(类腐殖酸)及组分3(类胡敏酸)为类腐殖质,组分4为类蛋白物质.不同季节各组分来源及分布存在差异,除夏季外其他季节水体类蛋白与类腐殖质来源相似,尤其与类胡敏酸组分;类蛋白组分在各季节分布变化显著,冬春含量相对较高.洨河水体荧光物质与氨氮、亚硝氮具有共同来源,其中类腐殖质对COD贡献较为明显.采用光谱分析法并结合平行因子、主成分分析及聚类分析方法可识别污染源空间分布,揭示河体CDOM随季节变化规律.